Rekomendasi Apoteker Komunitas Saat Menghadapi Permintaan Swamedikasi Diare yang Disertai Alarm Symptoms

Authors

  • Adji Prayitno Setiadi 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 2. Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Reza Amelia Istiqomah 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Yustina Octafelia 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Yosi Irawati Wibowo 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 2. Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Cecilia Brata 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 2. Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Eko Setiawan 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 2. Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya
  • Steven Victoria Halim 1. Departemen Farmasi Klinis dan Komunitas, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 2. Pusat Informasi Obat dan Layanan Kefarmasian (PIOLK), Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v13i1.3089

Keywords:

Appropriateness of recommendations, Community pharmacist, Diarrhea with alarm symptoms, Self medication.

Abstract

Appropriate recommendations given by pharmacists play a critical role in determining the efficacy and safety of self-medication practices in pharmacies, including in the case of diarrhea with alarm symptoms. This observational study with a cross-sectional design aims to determine the profile and appropriateness of recommendations given by pharmacists in Surabaya when they faced self-medication requests for diarrhea with alarm symptoms. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of two parts, i.e., participants’ characteristics and one case of adult diarrhea with alarm symptoms. The case used was newly developed and the content had been validated. The content validation and the determination of appropriate recommendations given by pharmacists involved experts in clinical pharmacy, community pharmacy, and public health. The final data were analyzed and presented descriptively. A total of 160 pharmacists were involved in this study, the majority of whom were managing pharmacists (82.50%), female (85.50%), and have been working as pharmacists for 1 to 7 years (48.75%). Most pharmacists (56.87%) gave more than one type of recommendation, the majority of whom recommended dispensing of pharmaceutical products accompanied by a referral to physicians (21.88%). Only 42 pharmacists (26.25%) gave appropriate recommendations including referral to physicians (18.13%) or referral accompanied by pharmaceutical product (6.88%) and non-pharmacology recommendations (1.25%). Need assessment is required to identify interventions preferred by pharmacists to optimize their role in promoting responsible self-medication practices.

References

Agbor, M. A., & Azodo, C. C. (2011). Self medication for oral health problems in Cameroon. International Dental Journal, 61, 204-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00058.x

Astó, E., Méndez, I., Audivert, S., Farran-Codina, A., & Espadaler, J. (2019). The Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotic Inulin-Type Fructans, and Synbiotics in Human Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020293

Ayalew Ayalew, M. B. (2017). Self-Medication Practice in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 401–413. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S131496

Azami-Aghdash, S., Mohseni, M., Etemadi, M., Royani, S., Moosavi, A., & Nakhaee, M. (2015). Prevalence and cause of self-medication in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis article. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 44(12), 1580-1593. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724731/

Badan Pusat Statistika. (2020). Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia, April. Jakarta.

Barr, W., & Smith, A. (2014). Acute Diarrhea in Adults. American Family Physician, 89(3).

Berardi, R. R., Ferreri, S. P., Hume, A. L., Kroon, L. A., Newton, G. D., Popovich, N. G., Remington, T. L., Rollins, C. J., Shimp, L. A., & Tietze, K. J. (2009). Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs ; An Interactive Approach to Self-Care (16th ed.). American Pharmacists Association.

Blenkinsopp, A., Duerden, M., & Blenkinsopp, J. (2018). Symptoms in the Pharmacy ; A Guide to the Management of Common Illnesses (8th ed.). Wiley Blackwell.

Brata, C., Fisher, C., Marjadi, B., Schneider, C. R., & Clifford, R. M. (2016). Factors influencing the current practice of self-medication consultations in Eastern Indonesian community pharmacies : a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 16(179), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1425-3

Brata, C., Schneider, C. R., Marjadi, B., & Clifford, R. M. (2019). The provision of advice by pharmacy staff in eastern Indonesian community pharmacies. Pharmacy Practice, 17(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2019.2.1452

Collins, J. C., Schneider, C. R., Faraj, R., Wilson, F., de Almeida Neto, A. C., & Moles, R. J. (2017). Management of Common Ailments Requiring Referral in the Pharmacy: A Mystery Shopping Intervention Study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 39(4), 697–703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0505-8

Colombel, J.-F., Shin, A., & Gibson, P. R. (2018). Functional Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Crilly, P., Patel, N., Ogunrinde, A., Berko, D., & Kayyali, R. (2017). Community Pharmacists’ Involvement in Research in the United Kingdom. Pharmacy, 5(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy5030048

El Hajj, M. S., Abu Yousef, S. E., & Basri, M. A. (2018). Diabetes Care in Qatar: A Survey of Pharmacists’ Activities, Attitudes and Knowledge. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 40(1), 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-017-0562-z

Fainzang, S. (2013). The other side of medicalization: Self-medicalization and self-Medication. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 37(3), 488-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-013-9330-2

Fakeye, T., Adisa, R., Olukotun, R., & Morawo, P. (2017). Hospital and community pharmacists’ perception of the scope, barriers and challenges of pharmacypractice-based research in Nigeria. Pharm Pract (Granada), 5(1), 881. https://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2017.01.881

Halim, S. V., Wibowo, Y. I., Uyanto, R. P., Setiadi, A. P., Setiawan, E., & Sunderland, B. (2021). Assessing readiness for research : a pilot study of Indonesian pharmacists. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 12(4), 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab044

Hermansyah, A., Sukorini, A. I., Setiawan, C. D., & Priyandani, Y. (2012). The conflicts between professional and non-professional work of community pharmacists in Indonesia. Pharmacy Practice, 10(1), 33-39. https://doi.org/10.4321/s1886-36552012000100006

Hughes, C., McElnay, J., & Fleming, G. (2001). Benefit and risks of self medication. Drug Safety, 24, 1027-1037. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200124140-00002

Ibrahim, I. R., Palaian, S., & Ibrahim, M. I. M. (2018). Assessment of diarrhea treatment and counseling in community pharmacies in Baghdad, Iraq: A simulated patient study. Pharmacy Practice, 16(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2018.04.1313

Jain, A., Bhaskar, D., Gupta, D., Agali, C., Yadav, P., & Khurans, R. (2016). Practice of Self-Medication for Dental Problems. Oral Health Prev Dent, 14(1), 5-11.

Limaye, D., Limaye, V., Krause, G., & Fortwengel, G. (2017). A Systematic Review of The Literature on Survey Questionnaires to Assess Self-Medication Practices. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health, 4(8), 2620. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173192

Lowrie, R., Morrison, G., Lees, R., Grant, C. H., Johnson, C., MacLean, F., Semple, Y., Thomson, A., Harrison, H., Mullen, A. B., Lannigan, N., & Macdonald, S. (2015). Research is “a step into the unknownâ€: An exploration of pharmacists’ perceptions of factors impacting on research participation in the NHS. BMJ Open, 5(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009180

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2011). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2406/Menkes/Per/Xii/2011 Tentang Pedoman Umum Penggunaan Antibiotik. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, NOMOR 1407, 1-13.

Keyhani, S., Falk, R., Howell, E. A., Bishop, T., & Korenstein, D. (2013). Overuse and systems of care. Medical Care, 51(6), 503–508. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FMLR.0b013e31828dbafe

Komite Farmasi Nasional. (2014). Pedoman Re-Sertifikasi Apoteker dan Penentuan Nilai Satuan Kredit Partisipasi (SKP).

Kroeger, A., Ochoa, H., Arana, B., Diaz, A., Rizzo, N., & Flores, W. (2001). Inadequate Drug Advice in the Pharmacies of Guatemala and Mexico: The Scale of the Problem and Explanatory Factors. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 95(6), 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2001.11813675

Kuipers, E., Wensing, M., De Smet, P. A. G. M., & Teichert, M. (2019). Barriers and Facilitators for Community Pharmacists’ Participation in Pharmacy Practice Research: a Survey. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 27(4), 399-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12522

Langer, B., & Kunow, C. (2019). Do North-Eastern German Pharmacies Recommend a Necessary Medical Consultation for Acute Diarrhoea? Magnitude and Determinants Using a Simulated Patient Approach. 8. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.21045.1

Millar, A., Hughes, C., Devlin, M., & Ryan, C. (2016). A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Community Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Intermediate Care and Medicines Management Across the Healthcare Interface. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 38(6), 1380-1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-016-0377-3

Nathan, A. (2010). Non-Prescription Medicine (4th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press.

Ningsih, L. F., Setiadi, A. A. P., Brata, C., & ... (2021). Apa yang direkomendasikan apoteker untuk tatalaksana diare akut pada anak? Sebuah survei di wilayah timur Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pelayanan Farmasi, 11(1), 39-53. https://doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.59719

Putri, V. J., Setiadi, A. P., Rahem, A., Brata, C., Wibowo, Y. I., Setiawan, E., & Halim, S. V. (2020). Diare Akibat Penggunaan Antibiotik pada Anak: Apa Saran yang Diberikan oleh Apoteker Komunitas? Jurnal Sains Farmasi & Klinis, 7(3), 222. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.7.3.222-232.2020

Ramadanti, F., Setiadi, A., Aditama, L., Brata, C., Wibowo, Y., Setiawan, E., & Halim, S. V. (2021). Pemberian Rekomendasi oleh Mahasiswa Farmasi pada Kasus Nyeri Pinggang di Setting Komunitas : Penelitian di Sebuah Institusi. Jurnal, 8(2), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.25077/jsfk.8.2.190-199.2021

Riddle, M. S., Dupont, H. L., & Connor, B. A. (2016). ACG clinical guideline: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 111(5), 602-622. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2016.126

Rutter, P. (2017). Community Pharmacy: Symtoms, Diagnosis and Treatment (4th ed.). ELSIVIER.

Shah, S. B., & Hanauer, S. B. (2007). Treatment of Diarrhea in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Concepts and cautions. Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders, 7(SUPPL. 3), 3-10.

Shen, J., Zuo, Z. X., & Mao, A. P. (2014). Effect of Probiotics on Inducing Remission and Maintaining Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’s Disease, and Pouchitis: Meta-Analysis of Randomized controlled trials. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.MIB.0000437495.30052.be

Thejeswar, E. P., Roy, A., & Lakshmi, T. B. (2018). A survey on consequences of self-medication versus prescribed medication. Drug Invention Today, 10 (Special Issue 5), 3910-3914.

Wells, B. G., Dipiro, J. T., Schwinghammer, T. L., & Dipiro, C. V. (2009). Pharmacotherapy Handbook. Appleton & Lange.

WHO. (1998). The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication : report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26-28 August 1998. In World Health Organization (pp. 1-24).

Widayati, A. (2013). Swamedikasi di Kalangan Masyarakat Perkotaan di Kota Yogyakarta Self-Medication among Urban Population in Yogyakarta. Jurnal Farmasi Klinik Indonesia, 2(4), 145-152.

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

30-04-2022

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 1 (2022): Jurnal Kesehatan

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.