Faktor Determinan yang Memengaruhi Perilaku Swadiagnosis dan Swamedikasi pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran dan Non-Kedokteran
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v14i1.3328Keywords:
Self-medication, Self-diagnosis, Students.Abstract
Self-diagnosis and self-medication are some of the global health phenomena. Inappropriate behavior may lead to harmful effects such as misdiagnosis, antibiotic resistance, etc. Determinant factors such as age, gender, ownership of health insurance, and others are influencing self-medication. This study aims to find the prevalence of self-diagnosis and self-medication and the determinant factors influencing self-medication in university students. This study used a cross-sectional method conducted in April 2021 online. Using consecutive non-probability sampling, the research sample successfully obtained was 184 medical and non-medical faculty students. The research data were analyzed in univariate and bivariate. The prevalence of self-diagnosis and self-medication was 64.1% and 46.7% in the medical faculty-student group, then 63.0% and 43.5% in the non-medical faculty-student group. Duration of illness in the medical faculty-student group, self-diagnosis, and support from other persons in both groups of respondents significantly correlated with self-medication (p-value<0.05). However, gender, age, monthly allowance, degree of illness, ownership of health insurance, and access to health facilities did not significantly correlate with self-medication in both groups of respondents. The prevalence of self-diagnosis and self-medication in both groups was nearly similar. From all determinant factors, self-diagnosis, duration of illness, and support from other persons had a significant correlation with self-medication.References
Abdi, A., Faraji, A., Dehghan, F., & Khatony, A. (2018). Prevalence of self-medication practice among health sciences students in Kermanshah, Iran. BMC pharmacology and Toxicology, 19, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0231-4
Ahmed, A., & Samuel, S. (2017). Self-Diagnosis in Psychology Students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(2 86), 2348-5396. https://doi.org/10.25215/0402.035
Al Essa, M., Alshehri, A., Alzahrani, M., Bustami, R., Adnan, S., Alkeraidees, A., . . . Gramish, J. (2019). Practices, awareness and attitudes toward self-medication of analgesics among health sciences students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 27(2), 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2018.11.004
Al-Owaywid, S. F., Younes, S., Al-Humaidan, A., Al-Enazi, L., Ghabban, E., Alahmed, H., & Al-Muasaed, E. (2019). Knowledge and behavior of Saudi female university students toward self-medication: a cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. IJMDC, 3(12): 985-989. http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/IJMDC.51-1560996441
Alajmi, R. S., Aljefri, Y. E., Naaman, N. K., Alraddadi, A. A., & Alamri, A. M. (2020). Acne Self-medication among Pre-clinical and Clinical Years Medical Students. IJ Surg Med, 6(5), 5-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijsm.2020-07-050-derma
Alshahrani, S. M., Alavudeen, S. S., Alakhali, K. M., Al-Worafi, Y. M., Bahamdan, A. K., & Vigneshwaran, E. (2019). Self-medication among king khalid university students, Saudi Arabia. Risk management and healthcare policy, 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s230257
Alshogran, O. Y., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., & Farah, S. (2018). Patterns of self-medication among medical and nonmedical University students in Jordan. Risk management and healthcare policy, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s170181
Amaha, M. H., Alemu, B. M., & Atomsa, G. E. (2019). Self-medication practice and associated factors among adult community members of Jigjiga town, Eastern Ethiopia. PloS one, 14(6), e0218772. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218772
Araia, Z. Z., Gebregziabher, N. K., & Mesfun, A. B. (2019). Self medication practice and associated factors among students of Asmara College of Health Sciences, Eritrea: a cross sectional study. Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice, 12, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0165-2
Arimbawa, P. E. (2018). Hubungan kepemilikan asuransi kesehatan dengan penggunaan obat rasional (POR) pada pasien swamedikasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v4i2.866
Arrais, P. S. D., Fernandes, M. E. P., Pizzol, T. d. S. D., Ramos, L. R., Mengue, S. S., Luiza, V. L., . . . Bertoldi, A. D. (2016). Prevalence of self-medication in Brazil and associated factors. Revista de saude publica, 50. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006117
Artini, I. G. A., & Indrayani, A. W. (2016). Penggunaan Antibiotik Secara Mandiri Pada Mahasiswa Kedokteran dan Non Kedokteran Universitas Udayana. Archive of Community Health, 3(2), 22-29. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/ach/article/view/27464/17393
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2013). Riset Kesehatan Dasar. Jakarta. https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/general/Hasil Riskesdas 2013.pdf.
Behzadifar, M., Behzadifar, M., Aryankhesal, A., Ravaghi, H., Baradaran, H. R., Sajadi, H. S., . . . Bragazzi, N. L. (2020). Prevalence of self-medication in university students: systematic review and meta-analysis. East Mediterr Heal J, 26(7), 846-857. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-0105.128253
Bennadi, D. (2013). Self-medication: A current challenge. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy, 5(1), 19.
BPJS Kesehatan. (2020). Self-medication: A current challenge. https://bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/dmdocuments/93e10afefdf9adcd5f8113badeaff6dc.pdf.
Carrascoâ€Garrido, P., Hernándezâ€Barrera, V., Lopez de Andres, A., Jiménezâ€Trujillo, I., & Jiménezâ€GarcÃa, R. (2010). Sex—Differences on selfâ€medication in Spain. pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 19(12), 1293-1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.2034
Charlton, B. G. (2005). Self-management of psychiatric symptoms using over-the-counter (OTC) psychopharmacology: The S-DTM therapeutic model–Self-diagnosis, self-treatment, self-monitoring. Medical Hypotheses, 65(5), 823-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.07.013
Corrêa da Silva, M. G., Soares, M. C. F., & Muccillo-Baisch, A. L. (2012). Self-medication in university students from the city of Rio Grande, Brazil. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-339
Domingues, P. H. F., Galvão, T. F., Andrade, K. R. C. d., Araújo, P. C., Silva, M. T., & Pereira, M. G. (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication in adults living in the Federal District, Brazil: a cross-sectional, population-based study. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 26, 319-330. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742017000200009
Dwicandra, N. M. O., & Wintariani, N. P. (2018). Prevalensi dan faktor-faktor yang berkaitan dengan pelayanan swamedikasi di apotek. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.36733/medicamento.v4i2.856
Esan, D. T., Fasoro, A. A., Odesanya, O. E., Esan, T. O., Ojo, E. F., & Faeji, C. O. (2018). Assessment of self-medication practices and its associated factors among undergraduates of a private university in Nigeria. Journal of environmental and public health, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5439079
Fainzang, S., & Haxaire, C. (2011). Of Bodies and Symptoms: Anthropological Perspectives on their Social and Medical Treatment (Vol. 4): Publicacions Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
Febriani, W. M. (2019). Gambaran Perilaku Pencarian Pengobatan Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Airlangga. Jurnal Promkes, 7(2), 193. https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/PROMKES/article/view/8880/8964
Fuaddah, A. T. (2015). Description of self-medication behavior in community of Subdistrict Purbalingga, District Purbalingga. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (Undip), 3(1), 610-618. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/jkm/article/view/11554
Gass, M. A. (2016). Risks and Benefits of Self-Diagnosis Using the Internet. [Thesis]. Department of Nursing, Salem State University. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13013/897
Gelayee, D. A. (2017). Self-medication pattern among social Science University students in Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of pharmaceutics, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8680714
Ghafouri, M., Yaghubi, M., Lashkardoost, H., & Seyed Sharifi, S. (2013). The prevalence of self medication among students of Bojnurd universities and its related factors in 2013. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 5, 1136.
Gras, M., Champel, V., Masmoudi, K., & Liabeuf, S. (2020). Self-medication practices and their characteristics among French university students. Therapies, 75(5), 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.therap.2020.02.019
Hageman, M. G., Anderson, J., Blok, R., Bossen, J. K., & Ring, D. (2015). Internet self-diagnosis in hand surgery. Hand, 10(3), 565-569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11552-014-9707-x
Halawani, S. M., Swapna, L. A., Al-Harbi, S. A., Hamdi, B. N., Masaad, F., & Koppolu, P. (2019). Self-diagnosis & pain management in dental students in Riyadh, KSA. The Pan African medical journal, 34. https://doi.org/10.11604%2Fpamj.2019.34.198.18347
Hashemzaei, M., Afshari, M., Koohkan, Z., Bazi, A., Rezaee, R., & Tabrizian, K. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pharmacy and medical students regarding self-medication, a study in Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Sistan and Baluchestan province in south-east of Iran. BMC medical education, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02374-0
Helal, R., & Abou-ElWafa, H. (2017). Self-medication in university students from the city of Mansoura, Egypt. Journal of environmental and public health, volume 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9145193
Hendri, S. C., & Haiyanto. (2014). Determinan Perilaku Pengobatan Sendiri Masyarakat Usia 45 tahun atau Lebih di Universitas Atma Jaya dan Gereja di Jakarta Pusat tahun 2014. Karya Tulis Ilmiah. Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Hochberg, I., Allon, R., & Yom-Tov, E. (2020). Assessment of the frequency of online searches for symptoms before diagnosis: analysis of archival data. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(3), e15065. https://www.jmir.org/2020/3/e15065
Hullur, H., Kataria, R., Koshy, V., & Behl, O. (2020). Cyberchondria: Prevalence of Internet based Self Diagnosis among Medical and Non-medical Urban Indian Population. Headache, 64(69.50), 66-70. https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/202846
Iuras, A., Marques, A. A. F., Garcia, L. d. F. R., Santiago, M. B., & Santana, L. K. L. (2016). Prevalência da automedicação entre estudantes da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Brasil). Revista Portuguesa de estomatologia, medicina dentária e cirurgia maxilofacial, 57(2), 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpemd.2016.01.001
Jakaria, M., Hasant, A., Tarek, M., Islam, M., Zaman, R., Parvez, M., . . . Ali, M. (2017). Evaluation of Self Medication among Students from Different Universities in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Journal of Medicine, 18(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.3329/jom.v18i1.31171
Jember, E., Feleke, A., Debie, A., & Asrade, G. (2019). Self-medication practices and associated factors among households at Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC research notes, 12, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4195-2
Karimy, M., Rezaee-Momtaz, M., Tavousi, M., Montazeri, A., & Araban, M. (2019). Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7302-3
Khajeh, A., Vardanjani, H. M., Salehi, A., Rahmani, N., & Delavari, S. (2019). Healthcare-seeking behavior and its relating factors in South of Iran. Journal of education and health promotion, 8. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_93_19
Kifle, Z. D., Mekuria, A. B., Anteneh, D. A., & Enyew, E. F. (2021). Self-medication practice and associated factors among private health sciences students in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia. A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 58, 00469580211005188. https://doi.org/10.1177/00469580211005188
Klemenc-Ketis, Z., Hladnik, Z., & Kersnik, J. (2010). Self-medication among healthcare and non-healthcare students at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Medical Principles and practice, 19(5), 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1159/000316380
Kombaté, K., Técléssou, J. N., Saka, B., Akakpo, A. S., Tchangai, K. O., Mouhari-Toure, A., . . . Pitché, P. (2017). Prevalence and factors associated with self-medication in dermatology in Togo. Dermatology Research and Practice, Volume 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7521831
Kristina, S. A., Prabandari, Y. S., & Sudjaswadi, R. (2007). Perilaku pengobatan sendiri yang rasional pada masyarakat. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat, 23(4), 176-183. https://journal.ugm.ac.id/bkm/article/view/3612
Kuehn, B. M. (2013). More than one-third of US individuals use the Internet to self-diagnose. JAMA, 309(8), 756-757. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1656251
Kumar, C., & Revannasiddaiah, N. (2018). Assessment of self-medication patterns in a rural area of south India: a questionnaire based study. Int J Community Med Public Health, 5(1), 354-360.
Lei, X., Jiang, H., Liu, C., Ferrier, A., & Mugavin, J. (2018). Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010068
Limaye, D., Limaye, V., Krause, G., & Fortwengel, G. (2017). A systematic review of the literature to assess self-medication practices. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research. https://www.amhsr.org/articles/a-systematic-review-of-the-literature-to-assess-selfmedication-practices-3711.html
Mekuria, A. B., Birru, E. M., Tesfa, M. T., Geta, M., Kifle, Z. D., & Amare, T. (2021). Prevalence and predictors of self-medication practice among teachers’ education training college students in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 593764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.593764
Niwandinda, F., Lukyamuzi, E. J., Ainebyona, C., Ssebunya, V. N., Murungi, G., & Atukunda, E. C. (2020). Patterns and practices of self-medication among students enrolled at Mbarara University of Science and Technology in Uganda. Integrated pharmacy research and practice, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.2147/iprp.s237940
Notoatmodjo, S. (2014). Ilmu perilaku kesehatan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Ocan, M., Bwanga, F., Bbosa, G. S., Bagenda, D., Waako, P., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Obua, C. (2014). Patterns and predictors of self-medication in northern Uganda. PloS one, 9(3), e92323. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092323
Pangoempia, S. J., Korompis, G. E., & Rumayar, A. A. (2021). Analisis pengaruh pandemi COVID-19 terhadap pelayanan kesehatan di puskesmas Ranotana Weru dan puskesmas teling atas Kota Manado. KESMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 10(1). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/index.php/kesmas/article/view/32218
Pons, E. d. S., Knauth, D. R., Vigo, Ã., Group, P. R., & Mengue, S. S. (2017). Predisposing factors to the practice of self-medication in Brazil: Results from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM). PloS one, 12(12), e0189098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189098
Shah, A., Dhanani, J. V., Bhadiyadara, S., & Navadiya, I. (2021). EVALUATION OF SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICE IN SECOND YEAR UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN SOUTH GUJARAT. EVALUATION, 14(8). https://www.academia.edu/download/89001702/477856531.pdf
Tesfaye, Z. T., Ergena, A. E., & Yimer, B. T. (2020). Self-medication among medical and nonmedical students at the University of Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Scientifica, Volume 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4021586
The Thinker Law Firm. (2014). Cyberchondrias. Retrieved from https://www.seattlemalpracticelawyers.com/cyberchondriacs
Vidyavati, S., Sneha, A., Kamarudin, J., & Katti, S. (2016). Self medication-reasons, risks and benefits. Int J Healthc Biomed Res, 4(04), 4. http://ijhbr.com/word_file/july%202016%20abstract%204.docx
Widayati, A. (2013). Swamedikasi di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan di kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Farmasi Klinik Indonesia, 2(4), 145-152. http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/ijcp/article/view/12774
World Health Organization. (1998). The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication: report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26-28 August 1998 The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication: report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26-28 August 1998.
Yuefeng, L., Keqin, R., & Xiaowei, R. (2012). Use of and factors associated with self-treatment in China. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-995
Zeru, N., Fetene, D., Geberu, D. M., Melesse, A. W., & Atnafu, A. (2020). Self-medication practice and associated factors among University of Gondar College of Medicine and Health Sciences Students: a cross-sectional study. Patient preference and adherence, 1779-1790. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S274634
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
