Peran Ayah dalam Perkembangan Psikoseksual Anak Usia 3-5 Tahun pada Masa New Normal

Authors

  • Elly Dwi Masita Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya
  • Adenia Dwi Ristanti Fakultas Keperawatan dan Kebidanan, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v12i1.2397

Keywords:

Development, Psychosexual, Role of father, Todller.

Abstract

The number of pornography and cybercrime among Indonesian children reaches 4448 cases – children as a perpetrator and victim. Meanwhile, Indonesian children experience 183 cases of rape and sexual abuse, 54 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a perpetrator, 42 cases of sodomy or pedophilia – children as a victim, and 44 cases of abortion. A preliminary study on March 2020 in West Surabaya showed that 6 in 10 children aged 3-5 years faced sexual abuse or harassment and rape by their closest circle. The research aims are to describe the level of knowledge, perception, role implementation, emotional connection between father and child in the accompaniment of psychosexual development of children. This paper combined quantitative and qualitative methodologies with a phenomenological approach. Respondents were father compatible with inclusion criteria was determined by researchers. This study used a total sampling of 112 fathers who lived in West Surabaya. The research instruments were a questionnaire and observation sheet. Data analysis utilized percentage analysis, data reduction, and data triangulation. There were 64.5% low levels of knowledge, 70.5% negative perceptions, 63.4% fathers absence in assisting the psychosexual development of children, and 69.6% absence of emotional connection. The new normal period gave limited the role of a father in children's psychosexual development. 

References

Afrasiabi, Hossein, and Marjan Junbakhsh. (2019). Meanings and Experiences of Being Transgender: A Qualitative Study among Transgender Youth. The Qualitative Repor. 24(8):COV4.

Ashbourne, Lynda M., Kerry J. Daly, and Jaime L. Brown. (2011). Responsiveness in Father-Child Relationships: The Experience of Fathers. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers. 9(1), 69-86.

Bagner, Daniel M. (2013). Father’s Role in Parent Training for Children with Developmental Delay. Journal of Family Psychology. 27(4), 650-57.

Bannink, Rienke, Suzanne Broeren, Petra M. Van De Looij-Jansen, and Hein Raat. (2013). Associations between Parent-Adolescent Attachment Relationship Quality, Negative Life Events and Mental Health. PLoS ONE. 8(11), 1-8.

Baxter, Jennifer, and Diana Smart. (2011). Fathering in Australia among Couple Families with Young Children Research Highlights. Family Matters. 88, 15-26.

Borisenko, Julia V., and Elena V. Evseenkova. (2019). Differences in Fathering among Russian Men Brought up with and without a Father. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art. 12(3), 105-20.

BPS. (2020). Statistik Kriminal 2020. Jakarta.

Conron, Kerith J., Matthew J. Mimiaga, and Stewart J. Landers. (2010). A Population-Based Study of Sexual Orientation Identity and Gender Differences in Adult Health. American Journal of Public Health. 100(10),1953-60.

Correa, Ana Belén, Ãngel Castro, Juan Ramón Barrada, and Paula Ruiz-Gómez. (2017). Sociodemographic and Psychosexual Characteristics of Students from a Spanish University Who Engage in Casual Sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 14(4), 445-53.

Fagan, Jay, and Yookyong Lee. (2012). Effects of Fathers’ and Mothers’ Cognitive Stimulation and Household Income on Toddlers’ Cognition: Variations by Family Structure and Child Risk. Fathering. 10(2), 140-58.

Fantuzzi-Chapman, Lena Marie. (2012). The Relationship between the Home Literacy Environment, Family Background, Parent-Child Attachment, and Parent Behaviors on Children’s Early Reading Skills. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.

Fisher, Alessandra D., Jiska Ristori, Girolamo Morelli, and Mario Maggi. (2018). Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology The Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 467, 3-13.

Gangaher, Arushi, Vasundhera Chauhan, Viveka Jyotsna, and Manju Mehta. (2016). Gender Identity and Gender of Rearing in 46 XY Disorders of Sexual Development. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20(4), 536-541.

Gareth D. Mercer B.Sc. (2015). Do Fathers Care ? Measuring Mothers’ and Fathers’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Involvement in Caring for Young Children in South Africa. The University of British Columbia.

Gonzalez, Cesar A., Joseph D. Gallego, and Walter O. Bockting. (2017). Demographic Characteristics, Components of Sexuality and Gender, and Minority Stress and Their Associations to Excessive Alcohol, Cannabis, and Illicit (Noncannabis) Drug Use Among a Large Sample of Transgender People in the United States. Journal of Primary Prevention. 38(4), 419.

Grover, Sandeep, Sunil Gupta, Sudhir Mahajan, and Ajit Avasthi. (2016). Pathway of Care among Patients with Dhat Syndrome Attending a Psychosexual Clinic in Tertiary Care Center in North India. Industrial Psychiatry Journal. 25(1), 72.

Humlum, Maria Knoth, Anne Brink Nandrup, and Nina Smith. (2019). Closing or Reproducing the Gender Gap? Parental Transmission, Social Norms and Education Choice. Journal of Population Economics, 32(2), 455-500.

Kanhere, Mansi, John Fuqua, Richard Rink, Christopher Houk, David Mauger, and Peter A. Lee. (2015). Psychosexual Development and Quality of Life Outcomes in Females with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. International Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2015(1), 1-10.

Kar, Sujita, Ananya Choudhury, and Abhishek Singh. (2015). Understanding Normal Development of Adolescent Sexuality: A Bumpy Ride. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 8(2), 70-74.

Kelly, Marcella. (2012). The Influence of Context and Ecology on Children’s Development. Journal of Community Nursing. 26(2).

Kinsey, Lee. (2015). Sexual Identity Development: Findings from an Exploratory Grounded Theory Study. University of North Texas.

Klika, J. Bart, Amanda Haboush-Deloye, and Jeff Linkenbach. (2019). Hidden Protections: Identifying Social Norms Associated with Child Abuse, Sexual Abuse, and Neglect. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 36(1), 5-14.

Latifnejad Roudsari, Robab, Mojgan Javadnoori, Marzieh Hasanpour, Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Hazavehei, and Ali Taghipour. (2013). Socio-Cultural Challenges to Sexual Health Education for Female Adolescents in Iran. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 11(2), 101-110.

Leidy, Melinda S., Thomas J. Schofield, Marie A. Miller, Ross D. Parke, Scott Coltrane, Sanford Braver, Jeffrey Cookston, William Fabricius, Delia Saenz, and Michele Adams. (2011). Fathering and Adolescent Adjustment: Variations by Family Structure and Ethnic Background. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers. 9(1), 44-68.

Leung, Hildie, Daniel T. L. Shek, Edvina Leung, and Esther Y. W. Shek. (2019). Development of Contextually-Relevant Sexuality Education: Lessons from a Comprehensive Review of Adolescent Sexuality Education across Cultures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16(4), 621.

Mashiya N, Kok L, Luthuli N, Xulu S, Mtshali Z. (2015). Foregrounding the Gender Divides in Early Child- Hood Teacher Education: A Case of South Africa. J Soc Sci, 42(3), 259–265.

Mncanca, M., and C. I. O. Okeke. (2016). Positive Fatherhood: A Key Synergy for Functional Early Childhood Education in South Africa. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. 7(4), 221-232.

Mufutau, M. A., and C. I. O. Okeke. (2016). “Factors Affecting Rural Men’s Participation in Children’s Preschool in One Rural Education District in the Eastern Cape Province. Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 14(1), 18-28.

Okeke, Chinedu I. (2014). Effective Home-School Partnership: Some Strategies to Help Strengthen Parental Involvement. South African Journal of Education. 34(3).

Oliveira, Edina Araújo Rodrigues, and Silvana Santiago da Rocha. (2019). The Parents’ Cultural Care Towards Promoting Child Development / O Cuidado Cultural Dos Pais Na Promoção Do Desenvolvimento Infantil. Revista de Pesquisa: Cuidado é Fundamental Online. 11(2), 397.

Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Mazzeschi, C., & Espada, J. P. (2020). Immediate psychological effects of the COVID-19 quarantine in youth from Italy and Spain. Frontiers in psychology. 11, 2986.

Piotrowska, Patrycja J., L. A. Tully, R. Lenroot, E. Kimonis, D. Hawes, C. Moul, P. J. Frick, V. Anderson, and M. R. Dadds. (2017). Mothers, Fathers, and Parental Systems: A Conceptual Model of Parental Engagement in Programmes for Child Mental Health-Connect, Attend, Participate, Enact (CAPE). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 20(2). 146-161.

Richter, Linda, Jeremiah Chikovore, and Tawanda Makusha. (2010). “The Status of Fatherhood and Fathering in South Africa.†Childhood Education. 86(6), 360-365.

Ristori, Jiska, Carlotta Cocchetti, Alessia Romani, Francesca Mazzoli, Linda Vignozzi, Mario Maggi, and Alessandra Daphne Fisher. (2020). Brain Sex Differences Related to Gender Identity Development: Genes or Hormones?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(6).

Roskam, Isabelle, Jean Christophe Meunier, and Marie Stievenart. (2016). Do Mothers and Fathers Moderate the Influence of Each Other’s Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Parenting Behaviors on Children’s Externalizing Behavior?. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 25(6), 2034-2045.

Ruberg, Bonnie, and Spencer Ruelos. (2020). Data for Queer Lives: How LGBTQ Gender and Sexuality Identities Challenge Norms of Demographics. Big Data and Society. 7(1).

Salami, Ishola A., and Chinedu I. O. Okeke. (2018). Absent Fathers’ Socio-Economic Status and Perceptions of Fatherhood as Related to Developmental Challenges Faced by Children in South Africa. South African Journal of Childhood Education. 8(1), 1-8.

Sandstrom, Heather, Eleanor Pratt, H. Elizabeth Peters, and Carrie Heller. (2015). Approaches to Father Engagement and Fathers’ Experiences in Home Visiting Programs. Washington DC: Urban Institute.

Verma, Rohit, Shaily Mina, Shiraz Ul-Hassan, and Yatan Pal Balhara. (2013). A Descriptive Analysis of Patients Presenting to Psychosexual Clinic at a Tertiary Care Center. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine. 35(3), 241-247.

Visser, Kirsten, Kirstin Greaves-Lord, Nouchka T. Tick, Frank C. Verhulst, Athanasios Maras, and Esther J. M. van der Vegt. (2015). Study Protocol: A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of a Psychosexual Training Program for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 15(1), 1-11.

Webster, Linda, Justin Low, Christina Siller, and Rachelle Kisst Hackett. (2013). Understanding the Contribution of a Father’s Warmth on His Child’s Social Skills. Fathering. 11(1), 90-113.

Downloads

Published

29-04-2021