Pengelolaan Limbah Infeksius di Rumah Sakit pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19 (Literature Review)

Authors

  • Suparni Suparni Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Dharma Husada, Bandung
  • Melia Isnaini Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Dharma Husada, Bandung
  • Sri Komalaningsih Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Dharma Husada, Bandung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26630/jkmsaw.v15i1.3133

Keywords:

Pengelolaan limbah infeksius 2, COVID-19, 3, Rumah Sakit

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Salah satu dampak pandemi COVID-19 adalah peningkatan volume limbah infeksius di Rumah Sakit. Aspek penting dalam pengendalian wabah COVID-19 yaitu penangangan limbah infeksius yang dihasilkan, baik dari penderita ataupun petugas medis. Limbah infeksius yang dihasilkan pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ini mengalami peningkatan. Jika pengelolaan limbah infeksius tidak dilaksanakan dengan tata kelola yang baik dan benar dapat mengakibatkan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan manusia, mahluk hidup, dan lingkungan hidup. Tujuan: Penulisan literatur review ini untuk menganalisis, merangkum dan mengetahui pengelolaan limbah infeksius COVID-19 di rumah sakit.  Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode telaah artikel melalui Google Schoolar, Pubmed, dan Science Direct. Artikel yang didapatkan diawal sebelum dilakukan seleksi dengan metode PRISMA sebanyak 1.195 artikel. Hasil: Hasil literatur review dari 10 artikel yang terseleksi ditemukan bahwa permasalahan saat ini adalah jumlah limbah infeksius selama pandemic COVID-19 mengalami peningkatan. Sistem pengolahan limbah medis yang menggunakan insinerator di beberapa fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan di Indonesia menyebabkan pencemaran udara, kebisingan, menghasilkan residu (jarum suntik dan residu pecahan kaca) dan menghasilkan abu yang mengandung logam berat. Simpulan: Komitmen rumah sakit dalam sistem pengelolaan limbah medis padat belum sesuai harapan, sarana penunjang belum semua terpenuhi, tahapan pengelolaan limbah medis padat dan pelabelan telah dilakukan tapi pelabelan hanya ditandai dengan membedakan warna plastik. Limbah rumah sakit dapat memberi dampak negatif dan mendatangkan pencemaran dari suatu proses kegiatan. Limbah infeksius yang dihasilkan oleh wabah COVID-19 telah menimbulkan masalah lingkungan dan kesehatan utama di banyak negara. Pengelolaan limbah infeksius yang berasal dari rumah sakit perlu dilakukan dengan aman dan benar sesuai standar operasional prosedur.

Background: One of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic is the increase in the volume of infectious waste in hospitals. An important aspect in controlling the COVID-19 outbreak is the handling of infectious waste generated, both from patients and medical staff. Infectious waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased. If infectious waste management is not carried out with good and correct management, it can have negative impacts on human health, living things, and the environment. Purpose: The purpose of writing the literature review is to analyze, summarize and find out the management of COVID-19 infectious waste in hospitals.  Methods: This study uses an article review method through Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct.[U1] [SK2]  The articles obtained at the beginning before being selected using the PRISMA method were 1,195 articles. Results: Literature a review of 10 selected articles found that the current problem is the amount of infectious waste during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased. Medical waste treatment systems that use incinerators in several health care facilities in Indonesia cause air pollution, and noise, produce residues (syringe and glass shard residue) and produce ash containing heavy metals. Conclusion: The hospital's commitment to the solid medical waste management system has not met expectations, the supporting facilities have not been fulfilled, and the stages of solid medical waste management and labeling have been carried out but the labeling is only marked by distinguishing the color of the plastic. Hospital waste can have a negative impact and bring pollution from an activity process. Infectious waste generated by the COVID-19 outbreak has caused major environmental and health problems in many countries. Management of infectious waste originating from hospitals needs to be carried out safely and correctly through several stages, namely sorting, storing, transporting, processing, storing, final disposal, and destruction.

References

Adhani, R. (2018). Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Pelayanan Kesehatan (D. Halim (ed.)). Lambung Mangkurat University Press. http://eprints.ulm.ac.id/2939/1/Buku Pengelolaan limbah medis pelayanan kesehatan_final_26feb2018.pdf

Arisma, N. (2021). Gambaran Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Padat Di Rumah Sakit Hi Muhammad Yusuf Kalibalangan Kotabumi Tahun 2019. Ruwa Jurai: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 15(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.26630/rj.v15i2.2808

Das, A. K., Islam, M. N., Billah, M. M., & Sarker, A. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare solid waste management strategy – A mini-review. Science of The Total Environment, 778, 146220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146220

ISWA-Jordan. (2020). Speciï¬c Waste Management Responses, COVID-19 Response International knowledge sharing on Waste Management. Https://Www.Iswa.Org/Iswa/Covid-19/

Permenkes RI, Pub. L. No. 7 (2019). http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/produk_hukum/PMK_No__7_Th_2019_ttg_Kesehatan_Lingkungan_Rumah_Sakit.pdf

Kemenkes RI. (2020). Pedoman Pengelolaan Limbah Rumah Sakit Rujukan, Rumah Sakit Darurat Dan Puskesmas Yang Menangani Pasien Covid-19. Kemenkes RI, Dirjen Kesmas. https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Pedoman-Pengelolaan-Limbah-Fasyankes-Covid-19_1571.pdf

Kemenkes RI. (2021). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2020. Kemenkes RI. https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatan-indonesia/Profil-Kesehatan-Indonesia-Tahun-2020.pdf?

Kementrian LKHRI, Pub. L. No. P.56/Menlhk-Setjen/2015 (2015).

Khasanah, I., Raharjo, B. B., & Wijayanti, Y. (2021). Management Evaluation of Dangerous and Toxic Waste (Infectious and Covid Waste) at the Nusa Tenggara Barat Hospital. Public Health Perspective Journal, 6(3). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/phpj/article/view/28203/11765

Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2021). Practical Research: Planning and Design (12th ed.). Prentice Hall.

https://dokumen.pub/practical-research-12th-edition-12nbsped-9780134775654-1292339241-9781292339245-9781292339283.html

Maharani, S. E. (2021). Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Rumah Sakit Rujukan Covid-19 Di Provinsi Bali. Jurnal Ecocentrism, 1(2), 96–102. https://e-journal.unmas.ac.id/index.php/jeco/article/view/2304/1762

Mihai, F.-C. (2020). Assessment of COVID-19 Waste Flows During the Emergency State in Romania and Related Public Health and Environmental Concerns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5439. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155439

Nofrianty, D., Anwari, A. Z., & L.O, E. S. (2020). Evaluasi Sistem Pengelolaan Limbah Padat Medis Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Ulin Kota Banjarmasin Tahun 2020 [Universitas Islam Kalimantan Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin]. http://eprints.uniska-bjm.ac.id/3133/

Nurali, I. A. (2020). Pengelolaan Limbah B3 Medis dan Sampah Terkontaminasi COVID-19. Bebassampah.id. https://bebassampah.id/perpustakaan/596/pengelolaan-limbah-b3-medis-dan-sampah-terkontaminasi-covid-19

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Sangkham, S. (2020). Face mask and medical waste disposal during the novel COVID-19 pandemic in Asia. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2, 100052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100052

Sholihah, E. M., Sjaaf, A. C., & Djunawan, A. (2021). Evalusi Pengelolaan Limbah Medis Sebelum dan Saat Pandemi Covid19 di Rumah Sakit Sentra Medika Cikarang. Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Yayasan RS.Dr. Soetomo, 7(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.29241/jmk.v7i1.607

Sugiyono. (2020). Metode penelitian kuantitatif kualitatif dan r&d (Sutopo (ed.); cetakan ke). Alfabeta.

Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 10(2), 52–59. https://doi.org/10.47718/jkl.v10i2.1162

Trisnawati, A. A., & Suwandana, E. (2021). Evaluasi Pengelolaan Limbah Padat Rumah Sakit Rujukan Covid-19 Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Sulolipu: Media Komunikasi Sivitas Akademika Dan Masyarakat, 21(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.32382/sulolipu.v21i1.2097

WHO. (2020). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPC-WASH-2020.4

Yolarita, E., & Kusuma, D. W. (2020). Pengelolaan Limbah B3 Medis Rumah Sakit Di Sumatera Barat Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Ekologi Kesehatan, 19(3), 148–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i3.3913

Downloads

Published

2022-06-29